The Fourth Geneva Convention Essay - 475 Words

The Geneva Conventions, which was adopted before 1949, were concerned with the soldiers and prisoners only, and not with the protection of civilians. World War II had shown the devastating consequences of the absence of a Convention for the protection of civilians during the war. On August 12, 1949 a new Convention was made for the protection of civilians in time of war. This Convention was called Fourth Geneva Convention or Geneva Convention, 1949. According to Fourth Geneva Convention, civilians have the protections as long as they do not take a direct part in the war. It also permits the free passage of foodstuff, clothes, medicine, and also objects necessary for religious worship proposed for civilians. This Convention also covers†¦show more content†¦Ã¯â€š § According to article 3, even if there are no conflicts of international characters, the parties must provide minimum protection to noncombatants, associates of military forces who have lain down their arms and out o f fight (hors de combat) due to injury or imprisonment. In all circumstances they must be treated kindly or humanely with the following prohibitions: †¢ Taking of hostages. †¢ Corporal Punishment (deliberate infliction of pain as revenge for an offence). †¢ Violence of life and persons, unkind treatment and torture, defacement. †¢ Humiliating and undignified treatment. †¢ Medical and scientific experiments. ï‚ § According to article 4, protected persons are those who find themselves, in case of occupation or conflict, in the hands of international occupying power. ï‚ § Article 13 states about the general protection of populations against certain consequences of war like distinction based on color, religion, nationality, or political opinion. There is also one provision written for the status and treatment of protected persons in the territories of the parties to the conflict and to occupied territories. According to article 32, conflicts parties should not give any physical and mental torture to the protected persons. Prohibition writtenShow MoreRelatedThe Necessity of Evil and the Applications of Good in Response800 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Durant witnessed the aftermath of the battle. He arranged an international agreement of war to protect wounded and uninvolved people. In 1864, twelve European nations signed the document, called the Geneva Convention (The Battle of Solferino). The organization that formed from the Geneva Convention was named the Red Cross (The Battle of Solferino). They were dedicated to helping people, no matter their stance on whichever conflict was currently underway. It stated: â€Å"The human dignity of all individualsRead MoreWaterboarding is Torture Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagestorture because it violates Title 18, Part I, Ch. 113C of the United States (U.S.) Code; it is an act of inhumanity based on the U.S. Constitution’s Eighth Amendment, and it is against the international treaties set forth by the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions. 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After the massacre, Charlie Company officers managed to cover for a year by not mentioning the large amount ofRead MoreRespect For International Humanitarian Law1517 Words   |  7 PagesRespect for International Humanitarian Law Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions provides that States parties undertake to â€Å"ensure respect for the present Convention †. The same provision is repeated in Additional Protocol I in relation to respect for the provisions of that Protocol . It further provides that in the event of serious violations of the Protocol, States parties undertake to act, jointly or individually, in cooperation with the United Nations and in conformity with the Charter of the UnitedRead MoreThe War Of The United States1377 Words   |  6 Pagespresident to make something like this happen. (Lindsay, 2013). Geneva Conventions are a group of treaties governing the treatment of civilians and service members during time of war or conflict. Below is a synopsis of the conventions: 1. The first Geneva Convention contains 64 articles and two annexes relating to hospital zones and protects wounded/sick service members on land during war. (Kuznetsov, 2014). 2. The second Geneva Convention contains 63 articles and one annex protects wounded, sickRead MoreThe Geneva Conventions and Modern War Essay2237 Words   |  9 PagesIn 1864 the Geneva Conventions were created during a conference in Geneva Switzerland, and were immediately ratified by twelve countries. Now there are one hundred and ninety four countries that have signed and ratified the conventions (ICRC 1 – 6). The Geneva Conventions set the standards in international law for the humanitarian treatment of the victims of war. There are four conventions in total, and all of which deal with a different aspect of war. The first Geneva Convention, which dealsRead MoreHague Regulations Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesBrussels Declaration formed the basis of the definition of combatant which was incorporated into Articles 1 and 3 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 1899 and 1907. In a later developmen t, the Brussels/Hague provisions were incorporated into the 1949 Third Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, in order to establish the qualifications required to receive prisoner of war treatment. Because there is no definition of combatantRead MoreEssay On International Law1850 Words   |  8 Pageswillful disregard for the Treaty it signed at the Fourth Geneva Convention in 1949, wherein all civilians are entitled to protection from armed conflict between two countries. Geneva Conventions broadly outline the fundamental rights of wartime detainees for all citizens and military personnel, create assurances for the injured and debilitated, and set up insurances for citizens in and around a battle region. In this manner, the Geneva Convention has made rules and guidelines to ensure that all humanityRead MoreGuantanamo Bay and Human Rights Violations by the United States1536 Words   |  6 PagesWar on Terror campaign by Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfield. It has three main camps that house the prisoners. These prisoners of war were later referred to as enemy combatants. They were excluded from the prisoner of war statutes of the Geneva Convention because of their involvem ent in a foreign terrorist organization and therefore earning themselves the title of terrorists. The Guantanamo Bay Detention Center served as the perfect location to send these terrorists. It allowed the United StatesRead MoreThe Aria of War: Justifications for the Pursuit of National Security at Any Price1434 Words   |  6 Pagesinfringement? Moral Ambiguity and The Making of a POW Inconsistent and convenient applications of the Geneva Conventions have been particularly highlighted in the delineation of prisoner of war (POW) status as it applies to terrorists. The Bush administration agreed that the Taliban were fighting for a state (Afghanistan), and as such would normally be accorded protections under the Geneva Conventions. However, they declared that both al Qaeda and Taliban fighters would, in fact, not be classified as

Digital Fortress Chapter 16 Free Essays

â€Å"A ring?† Susan looked doubtful. â€Å"Tankado’s missing a ring?† â€Å"Yes. We’re lucky David caught it. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was a real heads-up play.† â€Å"But you’re after a pass-key, not jewelry.† â€Å"I know,† Strathmore said, â€Å"but I think they might be one and the same.† Susan looked lost. â€Å"It’s a long story.† She motioned to the tracer on her screen. â€Å"I’m not going anywhere.† Strathmore sighed heavily and began pacing. â€Å"Apparently, there were witnesses to Tankado’s death. According to the officer at the morgue, a Canadian tourist called the Guardia this morning in a panic-he said a Japanese man was having a heart attack in the park. When the officer arrived, he found Tankado dead and the Canadian there with him, so he radioed the paramedics. While the paramedics took Tankado’s body to the morgue, the officer tried to get the Canadian to tell him what happened. All the old guy did was babble about some ring Tankado had given away right before he died.† Susan eyed him skeptically. â€Å"Tankado gave away a ring?† â€Å"Yeah. Apparently he forced it in this old guy’s face-like he was begging him to take it. Sounds like the old guy got a close look at it.† Strathmore stopped pacing and turned. â€Å"He said the ring was engraved-with some sort of lettering.† â€Å"Lettering?† â€Å"Yes, and according to him, it wasn’t English.† Strathmore raised his eyebrows expectantly. â€Å"Japanese?† Strathmore shook his head. â€Å"My first thought too. But get this-the Canadian complained that the letters didn’t spell anything. Japanese characters could never be confused with our Roman lettering. He said the engraving looked like a cat had gotten loose on a typewriter.† Susan laughed. â€Å"Commander, you don’t really think-â€Å" Strathmore cut her off. â€Å"Susan, it’s crystal clear. Tankado engraved the Digital Fortress pass-key on his ring. Gold is durable. Whether he’s sleeping, showering, eating-the pass-key would always be with him, ready at a moment’s notice for instant publication.† Susan looked dubious. â€Å"On his finger? In the open like that?† â€Å"Why not? Spain isn’t exactly the encryption capital of the world. Nobody would have any idea what the letters meant. Besides, if the key is a standard sixty-four-bit-even in broad daylight, nobody could possibly read and memorize all sixty-four characters.† Susan looked perplexed. â€Å"And Tankado gave this ring to a total stranger moments before he died? Why?† Strathmore’s gaze narrowed. â€Å"Why do you think?† It took Susan only a moment before it clicked. Her eyes widened. Strathmore nodded. â€Å"Tankado was trying to get rid of it. He thought we’d killed him. He felt himself dying and logically assumed we were responsible. The timing was too coincidental. He figured we’d gotten to him, poison or something, a slow-acting cardiac arrestor. He knew the only way we’d dare kill him is if we’d found North Dakota.† Susan felt a chill. â€Å"Of course,† she whispered. â€Å"Tankado thought that we neutralized his insurance policy so we could remove him too.† It was all coming clear to Susan. The timing of the heart attack was so fortunate for the NSA that Tankado had assumed the NSA was responsible. His final instinct was revenge. Ensei gave away his ring as a last-ditch effort to publish the pass-key. Now, incredibly, some unsuspecting Canadian tourist held the key to the most powerful encryption algorithm in history. Susan sucked in a deep breath and asked the inevitable question. â€Å"So where is the Canadian now?† Strathmore frowned. â€Å"That’s the problem.† â€Å"The officer doesn’t know where he is?† â€Å"No. The Canadian’s story was so absurd that the officer figured he was either in shock or senile. So he put the old guy on the back of his motorcycle to take him back to his hotel. But the Canadian didn’t know enough to hang on; he fell off before they’d gone three feet-cracked his head and broke his wrist.† â€Å"What!† Susan choked. â€Å"The officer wanted to take him to a hospital, but the Canadian was furious-said he’d walk back to Canada before he’d get on the motorcycle again. So all the officer could do was walk him to a small public clinic near the park. He left him there to get checked out.† Susan frowned. â€Å"I assume there’s no need to ask where David is headed.† How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 16, Essay examples

The Shelf of Achilles an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The Shelf of Achilles by Expert Jayjay1 | 26 Dec 2016 The epic Iliad is a story of different gods and goddesses as they go through their journey of life in land, ocean, and air. The Iliad has twenty-three (23) parts/chapters/books that distinguished the different kinds of gods and goddesses as it shows their miseries, joys, angers, and pains. The main themes of this epic are war and death but some other themes emerge within the succeeding chapters of the whole story. Need essay sample on "The Shelf of Achilles" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Along with all other parts/books/chapters of Iliad, book eighteen (18) gave different kinds of themes such as fear, anger, happiness, sadness, and hope as it shows the life of the main character/s through their journey in land and ocean. However, my theme focus is love as it emerged in line four hundred-ninety (490) up to the end of the book/chapter. To discuss the theme of love in this chapter, passages will be shown and elaborated to understand fully the images that show love as one of the themes of Iliad. Undergraduates Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper now? Essay writers recommend: If You Think About Someone To Write Your Paper - Essaylab The Right Place! English Essays For Sale College Papers Online People Who Write Papers Essay Writing Services One of the passages is from book 1 that shows different kind of love towards a friend or neighbor. Achilles obeyed her goddess because he trusted her. In the passage, we can see how humble Achilles was after what had Athene have told her about the war that Achilles would lead. "The in answer the goddess grey-eyed Athene spoke to him: "I have came down to stay your anger-but will you obey me?- from the sky; and the goddess of the white arms Hera sent me, who loves both of you equally in her heart and cares for you. Come then, do not take your sword in your hand, keep clear of fighting, though indeed, with words, you may abuse him, and it will be that way. And this also will I tell you and it will be a thing accomplished. Some day three times over such shining gifts shall be given you by reason of his outrage. Hold your hand then, and obey us." Then in answer again spoke Achilleus of the swift feet: Goddess, it is necessary that I obey the word of you two, angry though I am in my heart. So it will be better." (Book 1.206) Respect and obedience emerged in this passage where Achilles obeyed Athens no matter how hard it is but as accordance to her will, Achilles respect her decision. This situation is a form of love, not an intimate form of love but love with respect and obedience. When you love someone, you should respect her decision despite all the circumstances and failure that it may cause. In the book eighteen (18) of Iliad, aside from all the themes, the theme love also emerged in different levels such as love for neighbor, love for friend, love for mother, and love for son. One of the examples of love for friend is the lame gods love for Thetis because he helped Thetis to have armor for her son Achilles. The love for mother can be seen in the action and words of Achilles when he talked to Iris because Iris wanted Achilles go to the battle even it has not armoured. Achilles obeyed her mothers message before it went to get armor for him. Respect is one of the main aspects of loving. Achilles trusted her mother and respected her too. That is why I can say that this passage shows the meaning of love for mother. Though Hector and Agamemnon do something to make Achilles become helpless and will not be able to fight, Achilles and her mother remained humble and much loving because of their situation. Their love for one another became stronger and Thetis love for her son gave her the strength to find way and give him back his armor so he could fight once again for their people. The battle between Achaean and Trojan in land were suspended because of what happened to Achilles but her mother want him to have his armor so she went on and find way to give back Achilles armor. Another passage that shows the theme of love is in book nineteen (19). It brings different perception of love. It implies that action speaks louder than word. "And now, in the likeness of golden aphrodites, briseis when she saw patroklos lying torn with sharp bronze, folding him in her arms cried shrilly above him and with her hands tore at her breasts and her soft throat and her beautiful forehead." (Book 19.399) This passage shows love and pity. As she saw Patroklos situation, he tears started to shed like rain in the sunshine. Love emerged right through this place when she carried him in to her arms with strength and love even if she is a woman. Her love for him is endless without any question in mind just a simple glance with hope and comfort that he will live no matter what happen. Love emerges through war and death as we can see in this passage. The epic Iliad shows how war, death, and love are connected and at the same time being an opposition or irony to one another. Another passage came from book twenty-two (22). This passage shows sadness but hope because love conquers all. Despite of the different tragic situations in their life they remained strong and contented in life because of their foundation- their love for one another. "There is a dead man who lies by the ships, unwept, unburied: Patroklos: and I will not forget him, never so long as I remain among the living and my knees have their spring beneath me. And though the dead forget the dead in the house of Hades, even there I shall still remember my beloved companion." (Book 22.386) Those three passages are examples of the themes war, death, and love. The first passage implies love, the second passages is about death, while the third passage is about war. Because those three themes are connected with one another and brings one whole theme as one, which was established from the beginning of the epic up to its end were amalgamated and created an enchanting story. Therefore, it can be stated that these passages were associated to one another as a basis of the storys point of attack that brings inclusion to its readers. As a whole, the focus of all the situations in this book is for Achilles. All the actions of the characteristics are for Achilles to give him strength, to nurture him, and to love him. The kind of love that was established in this part is not a relationship of partners but a relationship in different levels of knowing and friendship. In this case, despite of all the fears, pains, sufferings, and deaths, love will still the roots of all goodness and respect. Love conquers all as its logic to give strength and courage in facing all the troubles in the wild. Works Cited Butcher, Samuel Henry. Aritotles Poetics. 1998. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poettran.htm#QX123 Claudon, David. Background on Homers The Iliad. 2001. Homer. The Iliad. Trans. Samuel Butler. 2000. Homer. The Iliad. Trans. Richmond Lattimore. University of Chicago Press. 1961. Umphrey, Stewart. Complexity Analysis. Lexington Books. 2002.

Social Class and Inequality

Social Class and Inequality Introduction There are several attitudes that the middle class and the rich have towards the poor. These attitudes stem from the belief that the world is a just place and people get what they deserve. If one works hard enough and perseveres he or she will be rich. However, the poor person is in that state because of poor decisions such as immorality, crime and alcoholism, lack of ambition and perseverance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Class and Inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These negative attitudes have caused the middle class and the rich to distance themselves from the poor. The stereotyping of the poor is the genesis of class discrimination. The poor have been excluded as the rest of the nation goes on with their lives. In this paper, I analyze three articles on social class and inequality to find out whether the authors’ views agree with mine on the negative attitudes towards the po or by the middle class and the rich and the way they have distanced themselves from the poor. The war against the poor Herbert Hans, in his article the war against the poor instead of programs to end poverty is arguing that government officials are not addressing poverty but instead making life difficult for the poor. Welfare expenses have always been small however the budget is becoming more and more restrictive. The poor are being accused of enjoying welfare instead of looking for a job and making sure they remain childless throughout their adolescence. The middle class and the rich feel they are working so hard and the poor are not. These poor people are lumped together with the criminals and accused of making the streets unsafe. The poor have become an excuse or scapegoat for the problems in society. Instead of admitting the decline in morality, the poor are accused of being the only ones with unmarried lovers. Once they get their life in order then they can receive welfare. The y are being forced to live up to moral expectations that the working class and the rich speak but do not practice (Hans, 2007, pg 506). Clearly class bigotry needs to be addressed. The poor have moral failings that are highly noticeable than the middle class but it does not mean it is at a higher proportion. The rich and middle class have access to counseling facilities to tell them their moral failings is as a result of prior abuse or disease.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The poor do not want to marry the fathers of their babies as they are jobless. There is actually scarcity of work; it is not true that the poor do not want to work. The government should address poverty through actively engaging in job creation initiatives and ensuring the actual crime of the poor does not fall below a certain percentage. Critique The author’s views on class discrimination agree with my views. He concurs that judging the poor harshly for their moral failings and the ability to secure a job is wrong. The middle class and the rich also have moral failings and the middle class has also been experiencing unemployment as jobs are scarce. Crime and mental illnesses should be viewed as some of the effects of poverty. It is not that the poor and mostly the Blacks have higher criminal tendencies. The middle class and the rich to stop discriminating against the poor and having someone to blame. The author has also highlighted other concerns that I agree with. Hans says that the government, politicians and public are making life tougher for the poor. I agree with Hans that the focus should be on creation of jobs for the poor. If the country does not stop attacking the poor, the morale, quality of life and economic competitiveness will only go down. Middle of the class The article Middle of the class published in the Economists is an argumentative piece of writin g that questions the sustainability of the American Dream. America has always been defined as a country where anyone can become rich or wealthy if they just work hard. Shows like American Idol prove this. The country has had presidents from humble backgrounds like Benjamin Franklin who was the 15th child of a candle maker. However the equality of opportunity in America for all its citizens is rapidly diminishing. The author gives the statistical figures on how the rich have become richer while the poor have become even poorer widening the income gap even more. Secondly social mobility has gone down. A lower and lower percentage of people are able to change the social class they are in through increase in earnings over a period of ten years.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Class and Inequality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have also been changes in the economy with a shift towards technical skills req uiring workers who have a university degree. This has caused a high increase of the income gap between college and high school graduates. It has become hard to climb the corporate ladder or change jobs if one does not have a university degree. The author suggests that the American society is becoming an educational stratified society in other words a meritocracy. The rise in university education is also providing a hurdle for middle class families to attend elite universities. The representation of the rich in these elite universities has increased more than the representation of the poor. The mean income of the families that have enrolled their children in Harvard is $150,000(The Economist, 2007, pg 528). During the period 2001-2004, States found themselves facing a budget squeeze. They responded by increasing the fees of state colleges where the middle class take their children to learn. This proves that the American system is enforcing more income inequalities through educational differences. The rich children are more likely to get a degree than a child from the bottom quarter income level. There is also a worrying trend in the society that further aggravates class and educational stratification. The chances of an individual getting access to a good education, a good job and good prospects in life is determined by the family the person is born into. College graduates tend to marry college graduates. Therefore in the graduates home the returns of the degree is double and their children benefit even more with opportunities to attend better schools. There is therefore great trouble in being poor. If in the American society to be socially mobile you must have a great education, a job and married with children then the rich start off with higher advantages. There needs to be policy changes where the method by which schools are financed is changed and giving more federal help to poorer colleges. This will only happen when the American politicians and the public recognize there is a problem.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique The author, like Hans concurs with my argument that the poor are being judged too harshly in society. The reason the poor are not able to support themselves is not that they are lazy or lack ambition. Rather there is a limitation on the equality of opportunity when it comes to the middle class and the poor in the corporate world. The country is being affected by globalization and technology changes; therefore the requirement of a degree is becoming mandatory. If what it takes to succeed in the American corporate society is the attainment of a degree then the government should ensure that children from all social backgrounds have access to this type of education. Making education costs high does not help the poor and middle class at all. It only goes to aggravate the existent inequalities between the rich and the poor. As the author has given statistics, in the last few years the rich have been becoming richer and the poor becoming poorer. The government needs to step in and address the situation. When Shelter Feels Like a Prison The two articles narrated on the stereotypes held by society towards the poor while the article in the Economist discusses the widening gap between the rich and the poor. Both papers focus on the poor. The third article written by Charmion Brown tells of the author’s experiences growing up in a homeless shelter. The real life story further reinforces my argument on the distancing of the poor by society. In light of her first hand experiences in the place she feels she can only compare it a prison. First of all, the place is cramped with four bunk beds fitted in each tiny room (Browne, 2007, pg 531). There is absolutely no privacy. One has to take care of their things or they will be stolen. There is a queue for food for the homeless. The author learnt that if you do not make the line two hours before the kitchen is open, one would miss food. There are no curtains in the bathrooms yet the facility is being shared by more than one hundred people. The author felt like the place was a prison. Critique The author’s experiences in the shelter confirm my views on the abandonment of the poor and homeless in the shelters. The author narrates how the social workers are rare and have no time for them. It is a prison. The government and public needs to stop abandoning the shelters. The living conditions needs to be improved. In my argument I had put forward the assumptions society has concerning the poor people. They are not successful because they are lazy. The author cautions society and informs them that there were people from broken homes in the shelter due to drug abuse, AIDS and early pregnancy and not because they are lazy. The poor also lack knowledge on how to improve their lives. Conclusion The three articles have gone further to reinforce my argument on the existence of negative attitudes and stereotypes for the poor in society. Hans goes further to explain that it is because the poor have b ecome a scapegoat to make other members in the society better. In my argument I had put forward the way society views the world in black and white. The hardworking succeed the poor are the lazy ones. The article in the economist supports my argument and goes ahead to tell society that actually there is a limitation on equality of opportunity in the country. One may desire a job but he cannot get that job. In my argument I also said that the society distances itself from the poor. The article, When Shelter feels like a Prison clearly shows the abandonment of the poor by society. Browne, Charmion. â€Å"When Shelter Feels Like a Prison† Writing in the Disciplines: A Reader for Writers. Ed. Mary Kennedy. 6th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2007. Print. Hans, Herbert. â€Å"The war against the poor instead of programs to end poverty† Writing in the Disciplines: A Reader for Writers. Ed. Mary Kennedy. 6th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2007. Print. The Economist. â€Å"The Middle Class† Writing in the Disciplines: A Reader for Writers. Ed. Mary Kennedy. 6th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2007. Print.

How to Use a Thesaurus - Word Reference Books

How to Use a Thesaurus - Word Reference Books A thesaurus is a tool you can use to search for synonyms and antonyms of other words. There are different types of thesauri and different methods for accessing information from them. Thesauri can come in the form of a book, an electronic device, a web site, or a word processing tool. When to Use a Thesaurus How many times have you struggled to find the best word to describe a feeling, a scene, or an impression? A thesaurus is used to help you become more precise (if you are working on a technical paper) and descriptive (if you are writing a creative piece) in your writing. It provides a list of suggested â€Å"replacements† for any word you have in mind. The thesaurus helps you zero in on the best word choice. A thesaurus can also be used as a vocabulary builder. You can use a thesaurus to discover new ways of expressing yourself. Accessing a Thesaurus If you are typing a paper in Microsoft Word or WordPerfect, you can access a thesaurus at any time by searching under the â€Å"tools† list. You may also right-click on a word and find alternate word suggestions.If you are working on a computer with Internet access, you can visit Thesaurus.com and conduct a word search.You can purchase a handbook or an electronic thesaurus and carry it along in your backpack. When You Shouldnt Use a Thesaurus Some teachers ask students to limit their use of a thesaurus. Why? If you rely too much on a thesaurus as you write a paper, you can end up with a paper that sounds amateurish. There is an art to finding a perfect word; but the nuance of expressions can work against you as easily against you as it could work for you. In short: don’t overdo it! Be a little parsimonious (thrifty, prudent, economical, sparing, careful, penny-wise, skimping, sparing, frugal) when using a thesaurus.

Buddhist traditions in the West Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Buddhist traditions in the West - Term Paper Example For example, in 1959, the famous Japanese teacher Suzuki Roshi arrived in San Francisco, and was a key proponent of Buddhist values in the United States and beyond, writing a series of essays on Zen Buddhism. Mass migration from some predominantly Buddhist countries to the West has, of course, also helped in the dissemination of Buddhist religious culture, but it is questionable whether or not it then spread beyond the immigrant communities in their adopted countries. Later, Buddhism became associated with what might be called ‘New-Age’ spirituality, and became something of a fashionable religion, especially among those involved in the entertainment industry. In the West, Buddhism is often thought of as an exotic and progressive, even modern religion, whereas in the East, where it has been developing for centuries, it is more likely to be thought of as traditional and familiar, and part of the basic fabric of society in many countries. Buddhist messages and motifs have b ecome commonplace in Western culture in the past half century, and especially those associated with Tibetan Buddhism. Lopez (1998) found many examples of aspects of Buddhist culture being casually used in the West, and concluded that ‘Tibetan Buddhism has been in for some time’ (p. 2). For example, at the opening ceremony of the 1996 Olympic Games, Micky Hart’s musical piece ‘Call to Nature’ was performed, and this work begins with the chant of a Tibetan monk from Gyuoto monastery. On a more popular level, the 1995 film ‘Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls’ opens with the title character spending some time in a Tibetan monastery, while the 1992 Christmas edition of Paris Vogue magazine invited His Holiness the Dalai Lama as guest editor. While the Dalai Lama is held by Tibetan Buddhists to be the incarnation of the god of compassion, it is as much a political and cultural preoccupation as a spiritual one which gives His Holiness and other Tib etan figures such prominence in the West. Since Tibet’s occupation by the People’s Republic of China, and especially since the flight of the Dalai Lama to India in 1959, the cause of a free Tibet, and an idealization of the life that went on in Tibet prior to the Chinese invasion, has become a major political focus worldwide. Furthermore, the current Western fondness for all things Tibetan stands in stark contrast to the attitudes of their forebears. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the extent that anything was known about isolated Tibet, its indigenous Buddhist practices were considered in some sense debased, and a perversion of proper Buddhist practice. Furthermore, Hegel, in 1822, found it ‘both paradoxical and revolting’ that the Dalai Lama held temporal power as well as being worshipped as the reincarnation of a god (Lopez, 1998, p. 4). However, since the Tibetan Diaspora has spread around the world, and the Tibetan causes has attracted m any high-profile followers, there has been a sea-change in Western attitudes towards Tibetan culture and the religion which pervades every aspect of it. For many, Tibetan culture represents what they see as the spiritual ‘

Social research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Social research methods - Essay Example Different types of statistics can be used to serve different purposes of the research. While descriptive statistics can be used to describe the data, statistical model can be used to forecast data. Researches that are aimed at finding relationship between variables can make use of statistical techniques such as correlation and regression. Difference between Descriptive and Inferential statistics, purpose of each and applications Descriptive statistics: Descriptive statistics can be defined as the set of tools and techniques that can be used to describe the quantitative features of a collection of data (Mann, 1995). The main purpose of using descriptive statistics is to summarize a data set. Statistics such as measures of central tendency, measures of variation, graphs, and bar charts etc are examples of descriptive statistics. The three most important types of descriptive statistics are: measures of central tendency, dispersion and distribution. While distribution is an indication of the frequency of specific values of a range of data variables, measures of central tendency such as mean and median are aimed at finding the center of the entire data set (Levin and Rubin, 2007). Measures of dispersions such as range or standard deviation are an indication of the spread of data set. Inferential statistics: Inferential statistics are the set of tools and techniques that can be used to draw inferences about a population from a small sample of data (Lane, 2011). The various examples of inferential statistics techniques include t-test, Analysis of Variance, Correlation analysis, regression analysis, factor and cluster analysis and discriminant function analysis etc. There are two types of inferential statistics: estimation testing and hypothesis testing. While in estimation testing, the confidence interval of a particular parameter is calculated using the sample, hypothesis testing is generally used to compare certain parameters in two or more samples or comparing a sa mple parameter to a specific value. A hypothesis can be defined as an assumption about a population parameter (Stattrek, 2011). The null hypothesis can be defined as the hypothesis of no difference or the hypothesis of status quo (Bajpai, 2009). The alternate possibility is called the alternate hypothesis. Hypothesis testing can be used by researchers to test certain theories that they want to prove. Frequency table and bar chart a. Ethnic origin Ethnic origin (5 groups) Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid White 3746 91.1 91.5 91.5 Mixed race 35 .9 .9 92.3 Asian 179 4.4 4.4 96.7 Black 87 2.1 2.1 98.8 Other 48 1.2 1.2 100.0 Total 4095 99.6 100.0 Missing -8 16 .4 Total 4111 100.0 Table 1: Frequency table for ethnic origin As can be seen from the frequency table, the most common ethnic group is White. The next highest frequency of ethnic group is Asian with 4.4% of the data items. Another way of representing the data is using a bar chart. The graph below shows the bar chart for the data set: Figure 1: Bar chart for ethnic origin b. Education level The frequency table for the variable education level is shown below: Education Level - 2000 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Higher Degree 147 3.6 4.6 4.6 First Degree 450 10.9 14.0 18.6 Teaching qualification 47 1.1 1.5 20.0 Other higher qualification