Study Gothic Architecture and Following Stylistic Terms...

Mosaics were created by: COLORED GLASS Madonna refers to: THE VIRGIN MARY At one time Ravenna was an important outpost for the Byzantine Roman Empire: TRUE Pendentives are found around which of the following: HAGIA SOPHIA What did Paul the Silentiary say about Hagia’s Sophia’s dome? IT LOOKED AS IF IT WERE SUSPENDED FROM HEAVEN What does Hagia Sophia mean? HOLY WISDOM Iconoclasm refers to which of the following? DESCTRUCTION OF IMAGES Byzantine churches were mostly centrally planned TRUE Which is an example of isocephally? JUSTIAN, BISHOP and ATTENDANTS Byzantine art is considered to be very naturalistic. FALSE Icons functioned as decorative objects in houses. FALSE Byzantine is a term that refers to the†¦show more content†¦ABBOT SUGER Chartres Cathedral housed which relic? THE SACRED TUNIC OF THE VIRGIN MARY Which element is characteristically Gothic? FLYING BUTTRESS Gothic architecture is characterized by all except: DARK INTERIORS Gothis is a word that comes from the reference to the Goths (Visigoth and Ostrigoths) who were barbarian peoples settling in Europe around in the 4th century A.D. TRUE Which exterior architectural element helped distribute the weight of the walls of Gothic churches? FLYING BUTTRESS Abbot Suger did NOT coin the term GOTHIC TRUE Gothic was a term invented in the: RENAISSANCE Abbot Suger was inspired by which of the following? ------------------------------------------------- DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE Which artist was considered the truest imitator of nature? GIOTTO Which of the following stylistic terms refers to the medium and process of applying a thin layer of fresh plaster on an existing plaster surface and then immediately applying color pigments which, upon drying, become a permanent part of the wall surface? FRESCO Cimabue was Giotto’s teacher. TRUE Duccio was a celebrated Florentine painter. FALSE Which of the following terms refers to the modeling of light and dark which begins to appear at the beginning of the Trescento (1300s) with artists like Cimabue, Duccio and Giotto? CHIAROSCURO Which images is an example of the maniera greca? ST.Show MoreRelatedPrehistoric Art Study Guide883 Words   |  4 PagesSTUDY GUIDE FOR TEST 1 (Prehistoric - Roman) FORMAT All questions will be multiple choice. Some will be accompanied by images while others will rely on your use of your knowledge without visual reference points. COVERAGE Visual Material: Selected from the works of art and architecture we have studied - see list below. These have all been discussed IN CLASS AS WELL AS IN THE TEXTBOOK or other readings. (If we do not cover all the works listed below in class, you will not be responsible for them onRead More Gothic vs. Romanesque Architecture Essay2191 Words   |  9 PagesGothic vs. Romanesque Architecture Missing Figures Where are you when you wake up? Where are you when you are learning? Where are you when you go to pray? Where are you when you go to work? Where are you when you are having fun? The answer is that you are in a building or structure of some kind and style. All of the buildings and structures that one sees around them is designed and built with much thought and care. They are all designed and built by what we call architecture. According toRead MoreA Reflection On Renaissance Architecture2079 Words   |  9 PagesCivilisation†, O’ Rourke’s ironic quote reminds us the greatness of history run approximately between the XV and XVI century, and the importance of the innovations and changes that run through this period, which predicted and launched the Modernism. With the term â€Å"Renaissance† (literally â€Å"Rebirth†) is stressed an extraordinary season for literature, art and philosophy, born in Italy. Italian men of colture of Quattrocento where tied with a direct line towards the classical world, considering themselves the

Comparing A Thousand Splendid Sons and The Kite Runner by...

â€Å"It may be unfair, but what happens in a few days, sometimes even in a single day, can change the course of a whole lifetime†¦Ã¢â‚¬  –Khaled Hosseini. The comparison between the novel, A Thousand Splendid Sons, and movie, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is inevitable. In both cases, each character goes through changes, leaving what was once a part of their daily routines just a memory. The Kite Runner is a movie about friendship, betrayal, and the price of loyalty. It is about the bonds between fathers and sons, and the power of their lies. A Thousand Splendid Suns is an outstanding, heart-wrenching novel of an unforgiving time, an unlikely friendship, and an indestructible love. It focuses on two women; mothers and daughters, and their†¦show more content†¦In the novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, and the movie, The Kite Runner, the setting is similarly in Kabul, Afghanistan. A Thousand Splendid Suns centers on life in Kabul, being seen through the eyes of two Afghani women, Mariam and Laila, whose lives are thrown together through tragedy. In Afghanistan, the city in which people can experience change in a woman’s status the most is in Kabul. When communists rule Afghanistan, there is an attempt to more gender equality in education. However, when the Taliban came into power, women were imprisoned into their homes and their basic human rights were violated. When the Taliban falls and the union comes to power, women were given back their legal human rights, but it still remains a slow move to equality. The Kite Runner displays the issue of ethnic discrimination in Afghanistan, more in depth, the relationship between Pashtuns and Hazaras. Baba’s father sets an example for him of being kind to Hazara people, even though they are disgraced and mistreated in reality. He could have easily sent Ali to an orphanage after the death of his parents, but rather, chose to raise him in his household. Baba does the same with Hassan, although this is complicated by the fact that Hassan is actually his son. Ali refers to Baba as family, but

Why War Is Necessary Free Essays

For as far back as mankind dates back in it’s existence, there has always been and always will be war. History all throughout the world holds numerous acts of war dating all the way back to the early years of civilization, up until even today’s most recent problems. I believe war is a perfectly necessary action, especially when a hostile force makes unjustifiable attacks that put the safety of our country at jeopardy. We will write a custom essay sample on Why War Is Necessary or any similar topic only for you Order Now This does not mean that every issue’s solution has to be war. Simply, this means you deserve to be able to protect yourself against a bully. Of course there will always be the thought of being able to live in peace and harmony, but is that a realistic goal? There will always be bad guys with guns who wont take no for an answer. When an aggressor starts a conflict, you can make the choice to either defend what is yours by fighting back or you can surrender to their demands. I have worked hard for the things I have, and if going to war means protecting what is right then by all means, it is justified. America is the land of the free, and home of the brave. We have come a long ways to become what we are now. Our country provides everyone with freedom and equal opportunities. There is no dictator to force us into living a certain way, the people got to make the choice in who they want to lead us. Freedom is a wonderful thing to have, and there should be no reason why another country should be allowed to get in the way of that. If a hostile country starts to push us around and become a treat to our freedom, we need to push back or else they just might take it from us. Look back on what happened December 7, 1941, â€Å"Sudden and unexpected attacks on Pearl Harbor, Honolulu, and other United States possessions in the Pacific early yesterday by the Japanese air force and navy plunged the United States and Japan into active war. †(ny times article) Japan landed a surprise attack on American soil. If war is an unnecessary action then how are we supposed to know that more attacks, just like the ones that happened at Pearl Harbor, wont continue? If we don’t flex back and show our real strength and muscle of this great country then we are just sitting ducks waiting to be spotted. Nobody is going to pick on someone that they know can defend and protect themselves. A common point made by those who are against war is that it will make our bad economy even worse. I really don’t see how that could become an issue taking into account that to go to war food, ammunition, weapons, gear, and a whole lot of other stuff is going to be purchased. Obviously the government is going to have to spend money to acquire these things, but in turn wont that give more job opportunities from increased production needs from all the companies that make what our soldiers need? At first a large portion of money will be used up, but when the companies begin hiring more workers, then those workers will spend there money in other places on other necessities which in the long run starts a cycle of stimulation within our economy. If there is an adequate amount of demand in a company, then there can only be an adequate amount of employees. But if that same company keeps getting more demand of their products, then they will have to hire more people to meet those demands. Frederic Bastiat, a french economist, was very well known for introduction of this idea through the parable â€Å"The Broken Window† which is apart of his essay What Is Seen and What Is Not Seen. A part of the broken window parable includes, â€Å"It’s an ill wind that blows nobody some good. Such accidents keep industry going. Everybody has to make a living. What would become of the glaziers if no one ever broke a window? †(That Which is Seen, and That Which is Not Seen) In this, he illustrates how destruction can have a positive effect on society. In this essay, he proves a very good point that destruction might not be a good thing for whoever has to pay for the initial damages, but if things were to never get broken or need to be replaced, how would money be made to be spent in other places? Everyone needs to make a living somehow. Whether it happens to be your son accidentally breaking your window with a baseball or even something as bad as a hostile nation delivering a surprise attack which results in war, the unintended consequences that happen everyday are what help to create the opportunities of work that pay for us to survive. The link between war and technology has always been impeccably close. Neither of them would be successful without the support from the other. That is why if war wasn’t necessary, then a lot of today’s modern technology wouldn’t even be invented yet. The outcome of having technology that is old and outdated, instead of having the latest technological breakthrough in your military’s equipment has a high potential that could very well cost you the war. Over and over again, our history proves that the biggest advances in technological growth have been a result of warfare. A perfect example of this statement would be how the invention of the tank in the first World War helped Britain achieve victory. In this war, the introduction of the machine gun made it possible to kill large amounts of soldiers at ease which had forced combat on both sides into trench warfare. In order for either side to advance forward, their only choice was to charge straight into rows of machine guns that were just waiting to mow all of them down. In desperate need of some way to cross through the no mans land between the two sides, attention was brought to the idea of an armored vehicle with all terrain capabilities able to handle driving across the trenches. Armored vehicles had been made before but they were built only to handle normal terrain, so the British created the first armored vehicle that could handle the muddy terrain of the trenches giving them the upper hand later on that lead to their victory in WWI. This makes it very clear that war does help advance the progression of our technology, because if we didn’t need a way to get through the rough terrain of the trenches, the tank wouldn’t have been able to start off the mechanized warfare era. Frequently it get brought up that it is bad to use our resources to develop and test new technologies. How are we supposed to compete against other countries who are developing their technologies just as fast as us if we don’t spend the money on researching and testing new materials? If you think about it though, it is worth having to pay a little extra money to keep your country as safe as possible. Change is a good thing that everyone can benefit from. In an interview with author P. W. Singer, he explains how the military’s evolved technologies have changed how war is fought. After being asked how the society of mankind has been help from advancements, he answers, â€Å"No technology is â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad. † Is your toaster evil? Your computer? A Predator drone? They’re all technologies, and what we’ve seen throughout history is that war jump-starts technological growth. During wartime we see a massive investment in research and development, and a vast amount of human ingenuity applied to the creation of deadly devices. But the creation of these devices can have a ripple effect throughout society. For example, without the V-2s that devastated European cities we probably wouldn’t have the Saturn V rocket that helped put humans on the moon. †(Military Analyst Interview) He proves to us just how war has given a â€Å"jump-start† in the overall growth. If it weren’t for all the advances in war technologies over the years, a lot of the things we have today probably wouldn’t even exist yet to us. George Washington once said, â€Å"To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace. † Putting an end to war would be a wonderful solution, but in reality, it will never happen. There is no doubt that war is evil, but it is a necessary evil. It is necessary because it defends our freedom. I love my country, I love my family, I love how my life is now and if anyone wants to try and take that away from me or change that, it gives us the right to protect ourselves. There should be no reason for us to live in fear of some dictator, we have made America what it is today and what we have, many other other countries don’t. When war becomes the necessary solution to a problem, sure there will be some problems that come along with it but there will never be a perfect solution. Even an ugly thing like war can have it’s beauties. It stimulates the countries economy, protects our individual freedom, and can bring with it new technologies that can help make our everyday lives easier. How to cite Why War Is Necessary, Essay examples

Essay for Internship for Barack Obama free essay sample

Dear Mr. Obama, Mr. Obama, my name is Scott. There are a number of reasons why I am the best candidate for your internship this summer. I know I can work for anyone and I am very submissive. I started my own business at the age of 8. I think I can handle being a â€Å"go-fer† for awhile. I wouldn’t mind being a â€Å"go-fer† a bit, as long as I’m being your intern. Your campaign has been long and rigorous so far, and you need an intern that can do the little things. There are a number of reasons why I would be your best choice. I have a lot of work experience already. I started my own mowing business when I was 8. I managed the finances and taking the calls, while my brother and I both did the work. I am willing to work anywhere in the country; this is a transient job that takes a lot of traveling and I’m ready for those long days of work and travel. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay for Internship for Barack Obama or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This business helped me a lot. I’m the best choice because I don’t have to be told twice to do something. I’m a fast learner and I can do things without being told. Your views on the issues are very similar to my own. This is the number one reason I want to work for you. I appreciate your promise that, if elected, you will end the Iraq war as quickly as plausible. I support the troops very much as do you, but the value of their lives’ are worth more than a perplexed oil war, so they need be returned home. I know someone who is for the war will not be coaxed into bringing the troops home. I also believe that fighting global pollution is a great cause. This is not a transient problem and we cannot reverse what we have already done, but we need to save the environment before we have nothing left to live off of. Your energy and environment policies you plan to introduce if you are elected, I believe will be very effective. I am roused by the opportunity of working with the next President of the United States. Also, the genocide in Darfur needs to be changed from the enmity portrayed there and the rancid killings. The chance to work for you a nd gain experience under you is an opportunity of a lifetime. I believe you will follow through with your actions and not just send the nation an insinuation. I believe that you and I have similar backgrounds and characteristics that match up well with one another. Both of us grew up in the Midwest, but you have knowledge of larger city growing up in Chicago, I grew up in a small town so I can bring that experience to the table. We both have a Midwest work ethic. Doing things before it’s asked and working on the job until it’s completely finished. I know I’m the right guy for you. I have been interested in politics my whole life. I don’t see any other occupation other than one in politics in my future. Getting picked for your internship would be an opportunity of a lifetime. The moment I read about this rousing offer I starting preparing this paper; because I know I could appreciate this more than any other candidate, while working diligent and submissive. I know I will be a loyal and hard working intern. Mr. Obama, thank you very much for your precious time. I hope you will see that I am the best candidate for this internship. I have the knowledge it takes to work for you, but I need your experience to further my logical thinking and thoughts for this occupation. I hope you will consider my application and I hope to hear from you soon. Thank You Very Much, Scott

Alexander essays

Alexander essays Before the mighty Romans, the French, British and U.S. There was one man and his army which laid the blueprints of warfare and managed to take over most of the known world, if not all of it along the way. The army of Alexander the Great was one of the greatest armies the world has ever seen. This was due to unprecedented discipline, tactics/weaponry and the leadership of an amazing general. If Alexanders army were modernized, it would be the ultimate war machine. To win a battle one needs weapons and troops (amongst other things). But to be truly effective and potent one must be able to control the troops in order to be triumphant. Alexanders army is a perfect example of flawless control of soldiers. The discipline within this army was so great and so proscribed it was almost a dream. It started with Alexanders father King Philip, who was the first to start making the job of the soldier a well paying job. Before men would join up until crop season then drop out to grow crops. This was somewhat of a pain because they could only fight a war nine months a year, then go home for crop season. So Philip decided to make military a profession. By doing this a majority of the men stayed all year. This brought unity and brotherhood to the army and allowed the men to be drilled on a regular basis. The soldiers were now becoming ultimate fighting machines. Unfortunately Philip died before the mens true discipline could be tested. Once Alexander came i nto power, the soldiers were put to the test. They passed with flying colours. These men proved to be unbreakable, holding their ground no matter what the odds (which were normally heavily out numbered). But it wasnt like they were matching up against some crazy barbarians who would march to their own beat; they were fighting other well-trained armies far larger and equally equipped as them. They still had that edge of super-discipline that no...

Free Essays on Identity And Social Structure (Reflective Essay)

Reflective Essay: Identity and Social Structure Throughout the semester, we have examined the complex relationship between a person’s identity and his or her social experience. This relationship is not easily defined, and I believe that the extent to which its two components (identity and social structure) are influenced by each other differs from culture to culture, and furthermore, from individual to individual. The questions which we are to address in this essay, therefore, have no clear-cut answers, so the most that this paper can hope to do is to present the insights that I have gleaned from this class, in light of the background information I had prior to the class. Essentially, I believe that society defines the type of experiences a person has, and that those experiences, in turn, play the most important part in shaping identity and/or personality. Every individual lives within a society of some description, and in order to survive, (let alone succeed) in their society, a person must operate within societal parameters. As we have learned, society is the result of economic condition, political situation, and (perhaps most importantly) the discourse generated and propagated by its people. Each human society has all of these components, but the nature of the components varies; as I have said, every society has a unique set of parameters. Goffman has pointed out that humans are highly adaptive to various social situations. In order for an individual to choose how (s)he will function in a given situation (in Goffman’s terminology, the â€Å"mask† (s)he will wear), (s)he must draw on the discourse present in their society. Not only does discourse define the various â€Å"masks† available to a person within their social context, it also allows a person to gauge how best to react to the â€Å"masks† of those with whom (s)he comes into contact. â€Å"Masks,† it would seem,... Free Essays on Identity And Social Structure (Reflective Essay) Free Essays on Identity And Social Structure (Reflective Essay) Reflective Essay: Identity and Social Structure Throughout the semester, we have examined the complex relationship between a person’s identity and his or her social experience. This relationship is not easily defined, and I believe that the extent to which its two components (identity and social structure) are influenced by each other differs from culture to culture, and furthermore, from individual to individual. The questions which we are to address in this essay, therefore, have no clear-cut answers, so the most that this paper can hope to do is to present the insights that I have gleaned from this class, in light of the background information I had prior to the class. Essentially, I believe that society defines the type of experiences a person has, and that those experiences, in turn, play the most important part in shaping identity and/or personality. Every individual lives within a society of some description, and in order to survive, (let alone succeed) in their society, a person must operate within societal parameters. As we have learned, society is the result of economic condition, political situation, and (perhaps most importantly) the discourse generated and propagated by its people. Each human society has all of these components, but the nature of the components varies; as I have said, every society has a unique set of parameters. Goffman has pointed out that humans are highly adaptive to various social situations. In order for an individual to choose how (s)he will function in a given situation (in Goffman’s terminology, the â€Å"mask† (s)he will wear), (s)he must draw on the discourse present in their society. Not only does discourse define the various â€Å"masks† available to a person within their social context, it also allows a person to gauge how best to react to the â€Å"masks† of those with whom (s)he comes into contact. â€Å"Masks,† it would seem,...

Organizational socialization mini ethnograhy Assignment

Organizational socialization mini ethnograhy - Assignment Example It is demonstrated in the ways how power and data move through its progressive system, and how bound workers are towards aggregate destinations. I am committed to working with people and helping them to solve their problems as l have a sympathetic and caring nature, as well as the ability to empathize and win the trust of people from all kinds of backgrounds. With a strong desire to be a basic ingredient in bring about a better and sustainable change, l always aspired to be a social worker. I chose â€Å"Peace Corps† for the position of â€Å"Administrative Officer†, because of its proven record of long standing service to humanity. The Peace Corps started its mission to 1960, when then Senator John F. Kennedy  urged university students  to work and be a source of peace by living and functioning in developing countries. With more than 200,000 workers, it is an agency administered by the federal government and aims at achieving world peace and friendship (Peace Corps). The Practical View considers organization closely linked with broader society and strives for conflict resolution by cooperation of labor and management. It is based on the notion of development of work to achieve competence, consistency and specialization with simplification. Interpretive view emphasizes on entity building as well as smooth functioning of a group and human associations in gauging productivity. The core features of the Interpretive View approach are participatory management of a distinct individual working efficiently in a group. Critical and Post Modern views are based on the concept that the organization is an adaptive system which has to adjust to changes in its environment. Critical and Post Modern views focus on developing  the  socio-technical structure,  and handling  contingency situations efficiently. It is a dynamic methodology that happens when a unique individual accepts new or changed responsibility inside an organization. The

Leadership Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Theory - Essay Example This means that Schultz had a preconceived idea that in the nature of his business, those people with the opportunity to lead others in their organization should have got people skills in order to become effective leaders. In its broader sense, Schultz was combining the basic principles of leadership from the point of view of trait and behavioral theories. The very proof is the thought that this can also be explained using the contingency point of view of leadership particularly the Fiedler model which particularly highlights the match between the leader’s style of interacting with subordinates on certain situation in order to achieve high group performance (Arrmandi, Oppedisano & Sherman 2003). This may also fall on implicit theories of leadership where there is emphasis on mental models that substantially includes the combined idea of traits and behaviors of a person (Schyns 2006). Starbucks’s nature of business requires effective group performance, which can only be obtained if there is a leader who according to Schultz has the potential for people skills. At Starbucks, it is about combination of different talents or skills in order to come up with product or service offerings that would place high value for customers. It requires manager in this case who is a leader that at some point could influence the people to maximize their creativity or potential to do well in performing their respective role in the organization. This must be achieved not because of the power of that manager to hire or fire people, but because of his or her people skills that would influence the subordinates. A strong will and loud voice may be integral parts of a boss, but an effective leader requires people skills (Williams & Denney 2010). Modern organizations applied the concept of team-based principle, where leaders’ leadership is assumed to be assigned (Appelbaum, Audet & Miller 2003). In fact, this is another reality at Starbucks. Leadership is assigned to those with

Failed Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Failed Products - Essay Example This product was abandoned just a few weeks after its launch and the initial version was resurrected with a new name; Classic Coke† (Robert, 1995). The second product that flopped is Crystal Pepsi which was launched in 1990s as clear cola. This brand lacked lemon/lime flavor unlike the rest of other clear carbonated drinks. It also lacked usual cola flavor. In spite of a costly media blitz, Crystal Pepsi failed to catch on and Pepsi incurred millions of dollars guessing at straws and never recovered fully. This was a big blunder that their competitors learnt from; never change a color that is acceptable to your consumers. Lastly Ben-Gay Aspirin is another example of product failure. Thus having a famous name behind a product that is new does not guarantee success-at times it can be an obstacle if the brand is closely tied to one image or product. Ben-Gay is famous for its exceptional strong smell-and its pain-reducing balm’s burning/warming sensation on its getting in touch with skin.However this wasn’t an excellent fit for Ben-Gay aspirin launch by Pfizer decades ago. Whereas the products were related in that both were designed for pain relief, consumers could not get a taste for swallowing a tablet with a brand they related to burning sensation. Ben-Gay erred in attaching a popular name to something entirely out of character. They should have used a different brand name (Michael,

Market and business analysis of camille bloch

Market and business analysis of camille bloch Camille Bloch is one of the most visionary and creative chocolate manufacturers in Switzerland. It only can be found in European countries such as Canada, Denmark, France, Austria and Italy, etc. There is no market share in Asian countries. Therefore, Camille Bloch needs to extend new market for their product, such as Singapore. Through analyzing external environment, company finds that Singapore is a potential market. The government welcomes any legal business to invest in Singapore. Besides, Singapore is a free port for imported confectionery and snacks. According to World Bank 2010 report, Singapore economy is the easiest to do business and has been awarded the most competitive country in Asia. Facing many competitors, this company can use its competitive advantage to improve its growth potential. Because Singapore is a relatively niche market which have only one city, Camille Bloch will make market segmentation according to the demographic of Singapore and decide to choose 13-29 years old customers as target market. They are reported as one of the most dynamic customers in the market. And teenagers with discretionary spending power, they can choose any kind of product they want without influences from the parents. Camille Bloch will choose direct exporting to let Singaporean distributors put new products in this market. Company will choose to export directly through importer located in Singapore. It gives an opportunity for company to learn Singapore markets before investing and reduces the potential risks of operating overseas, extending the sales potential of existing products and gain information about foreign competition. At the same time, MOUSSES is current product in Camille Bloch. If it want to develop new market, company need to use market development strategy as market expansion strategy. During the process of development, Camille Bloch needs to use marketing mix strategy to make MOUSSES popularized. For product strategy, company will choose indepe ndent little piece packaging to produce and put in Singapore market while its price strategy is making combination with three kinds of pricing strategies. The lower limit of this price is marginal cost while the upper limit of this price is demand price. After that, Camille Bloch will establish good cooperation with Fairprice, Cold Storage Group, Sheng Siong, Carrefour and Giant supermarkets through choosing good distributors possessed high reputation and abundant experience. Once entering into Singapore market, company will continually propagandize this product to enlarge its popularity and obtain market shares through sales promotion, advertising and retail terminal inputs POP. Through these strategies to introduce this brand, we believe that company will have good foreground in Singapore market. 2. Introduction Camille Bloch is one of the most visionary and creative chocolate manufacturers in Switzerland. Camille Bloch is an independent family business. With the rapidly development of epoch, they have a greatest challenge is the balance between the established and the modern. They must connect their recipes and advanced technologies. Besides, they try their new product ideas. However, Camille Bloch products cannot be found all over the world. It only can be found in some European countries such as Canada, Denmark, France, Austria and Italy, etc. There is no market share in some Asian country. Therefore, Camille Bloch should export their product to some Asian countries such as Singapore. 3. External Environmental Analysis Environment is most important part for a company that is in any industry. For a company, they should put a lot concentration on this part. First of all, a company should analyze the macro-environment and it can be analyzed from many areas. There are some main elements can be impacted corporation such as political, economical, social, technological, environment and legal, etc. Singapore is one of the best business environment countries in the world. There are many influences can impact chocolate product import such as government political, importer tax or huge demand, etc. However, some of them are positive and the others may negative. 3.1. Political and Legal Environment Government affects almost every aspect of business life in every single country. Singapore is an enterprise friendly country. The government welcomes any legal business to invest in Singapore. Besides, Singapore is a free port for imported confectionery and snacks. Although, there are 7% tax of goods and service will be charged by the importer before imported products but no import duties are levied on imported confectionery and snacks. This politic can help chocolate company which export to Singapore to reduce cost. However, Chocolate manufacturer who wants to sale the products in Singapore should has high product quality standard because their product should be subject to inspection. 3.2. Economy environment The Singapore economy is active free-market economy and the per-capita income of Singapore also is the highest in ASEAN. According to report, Singapores economic growth was rapidly slowing down than before since third quarter 2008 because of the international financial crisis. However, Singapores economic still very strong. According to World Bank 2010 report, Singapore economy is the easiest to do business. Also, Singapore has been awarded the most competitive country in Asia. 3.3. Social Cultural Singapore is multi-culture country. It also is an eastern country which still has traditional family values, but the young generation has adapted to western culture and values. Currently, the population of Singapore is more than 4 million. Singapore ethnic mix is Chinese (75.2%), Malays (13.6%), and Indians (8.8%). Singaporean are very hard working, therefore, they get a lot of work stresses. So, they need chocolate or candy to reduce pressure. 3.4. Technological Factors With the rapidly development of technology, it can impact many kind of things such as distribution strategies, media strategies, etc. When a brand goes to a foreign country as a new brand, the company must use some method to introduce their product. Media is perfect tool can help them to achieve their goals. In Singapore, there are many media tools can be available such as MRT, bus, taxi, TV or magazines, etc. Also, distribution channels are very important tool for a company. There are many distribution channels can be used. For example, Convenience store is important channel for confectionery. Because, these places always are frequented by younger Singaporeans but it is difficult to increase brand awareness. Therefore, the company can choose some major retailers to sale their products such as Fairprice, ShengSiong and Carrefour, etc or some specialty confectionery shops such as The Cocoa Trees or Umeya chains of outlets 4. Competitor Analysis Competitor analysis is important to a company. It can affect marketing strategies when the company wants to launch the product in the market. In this way the company can find areas of potential competitive advantage and disadvantage. We can use many methods to analyze competitors, first identifying competitors and assessing competitors and then selecting which competitors can become attacker and which competitor can be avoided. 4.1. Main competitor For Camille Bloch chocolate company, there are many direct and indirect competitors in Singapore. More than 30 countries supply confectionery to Singapore such as USA, UK, Netherlands, and Switzerland, etc. Also, there are many different brands can be found in the market such as Nestle, Ferrero, Lindt, Hershey and Haagen-Dazs, etc. But some brands are direct competitors and some of them are indirect. For example, Haagen-Dazs is a famous confectionery company. Their major product is ice-cream. Although, Haagen-Dazs is indirect competitor for Camille Bloch, however, they still can get some market share in confectionery market of Singapore. Also, it can affect the marketing strategy when Camille Bloch products enter market. Direct competitor is most important part which should put more concentration. In Singapore confectionery market, Nestle, Ferrero, Cadbury, KitKat, Cacao, etc are key competitors. These competitors have different products and have different target customer. These competitors products are quite traditional. 4.2. Competitive advantage Singapore chocolate market needs some new product can bring some activities. Therefore, Camille Bloch has a new product is called Mousse mixture can give a fresh filling to Singapore market. The Mousse mixture from Camille Bloch has always been smooth and light. And there are three different flavours can be chose such as Lait Extra for light-coloured, milky extravagance; Lait for traditional connoisseurs and Noir for gourmets who prefer the bittersweet taste of plain chocolate. 4.3. Growth potential Singapore confectionery market is a developing market. There are many opportunities can make company successful. Camille Bloch can use Mousse mixture to enter to market and increase their brand awareness. When this product can get some market share, Camille Bloch can launch some other products into Singapore market. According to Singaporeans habit, Camille Bloch also can do other product except chocolate such as coffee or ice-cream. It is because many Singaporean love these two things. Some Singaporean is coffee drinker, they may drink more than eight cup of coffee per day. So, these are the growth potential for Camille Bloch in Singapore market. 5. Market segmentation and target marketing There is no single way to segment a market. Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into smaller groups of buyers with distinct needs, characteristics or behaviors who might require separate products. Market segmentation reveals the firms market segment opportunities. After evaluating different market segments, companies must decide on target market to conduct business strategies. A target market consists of a set of buyers who share common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. Due to the demographic of Singapore, target market of our product is teenager and young adult age from 13 to 29 year old. Chocolate has been a part of the everyday consumers lives and become a popular product of Singaporean adults and children. They are reported as one of the most dynamic customers in the market. Teenagers with discretionary spending power, they can choose any kind of product they want without influences from the parents because they already have their own allowance. For young adults, they have jobs and income so they can decide for their consumer behavior. They buy chocolate for themselves or they use chocolate as gift item at other celebration such as birthdays, weddings. This has created a situation in the market where there is seasonal demand, with a high proportion of sales being made between November and April. This period includes most of Singapores major festivals or celebrations like Deepavali, Thanksgiving, Christmas, Calendar New Year, Chinese New Year, and Valentines Day. In this period there is quite a high level of spending. 6. Market entry and expansion strategies 6.1. Market entry strategies There are many ways for company to introduce products into foreign markets such as Exporting, Licensing, Franchising, Joint Ventures, Strategic Alliances, Acquisition or Greenfield Operation. Selection method depends on costs, risk and the degree of control which can be exercised over them. The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting because it requires minimum resources while allowing high flexibility and offers substantial financial, marketing, technological and other benefit to the company. Exporting methods include indirect or direct export. Indirect exporting involves the use of independent intermediaries or agents to market the firms product overseas. These agents, known as export representatives, assume responsibility for marketing the firms product through their network of foreign distributors and their own sales force. On the other hand, direct exporting occurs when a manufactures or exporter sells directly to an importer or buyer located in a foreign market. In Singapore, people can be purchased chocolate from hypermarkets, supermarkets, convenience stores, petrol station stores, minimarts, provisions/grocery shops and kiosk-type shops or stalls located in shopping centre, entertainment complexes, tourist locations, airport shops and even at traditional street-side newspaper stalls. There are also some specialty shops, which operate in chains or as single site outlets. Because this is the first time company introduce product into Singapore, we select only mousse chocolate; it is the latest news product mixture from Camille Bloch has always been smooth and light. Company cannot sell products directly to consumers so company will choose to export directly through importer located in Singapore. It gives an opportunity for company to learn Singapore markets before investing and reduces the potential risks of operating overseas, extend the sales potential of existing products and gain information about foreign competition. Some companies spec ialize in importing Singapores Confectioneries are Hong Yi Hao Trading Pte Ltd, Kaimay Trading Pte Ltd, Sing Long Foodstuff Trading Company Pte Ltd, Diethelm Singapore Pte Ltd and etc. Most importers have their own distribution networks, collect cargoes, re-pack in warehouses and deliver to consumers through retailers such as Fairprice, Cold Storage Group, Sheng Siong, Carrefour and Giant. 6.2. Market expansion strategies Current Product New Products Current Market 1. Market Penetration Strategy 3. Product Development Strategy New Market 2. Market Development Strategy 4. Diversification Strategy Figure 6.2.1: The product/ market expansion grid Company has decided to developed new market (Singapore market) for the existing company product (mousse chocolate). It is called market development strategy. Finding new market for the new customer helps company to increase performance by increasing sales and profit. After the company approached the new market, companies must conduct the strategy to expand market so the company to be able to survive long term. The first one is to introducing more products to the market, that way you will be able to get multiple new customer bases. Company is able to launch all kind of Camille Blochs product like Ragusa chocolate, Torino chocolate, Liqueur chocolate and Napolitains chocolate. Since then company can find the best- selling product and focus marketing effort on that product as well as use this bestseller product to gain multiple profits. The second one is to add segment to expand companys market. One way to do so is to decide to target a new segment such as children age from 3 to 12 year old or family consumers. 7. International marketing mix 7.1. Product strategy Camille Bloch releases many kinds of products in Switzerland. Especially, MOSSUE have its special feature. So company will decide to choose it to expand Singapore market, enhancing chocolate categories. Camille Bloch puts MOUSSE into Singapore market in order to generate differentiation with competitors. According to the survey for Singapore retail markets, most of chocolate being sold in Singapore market are imported brand or joint venture brand, their packaging are mainly row block packaging. However, independent little piece packaging is seldom used by chocolate company. Table 7.1.1 shows packaging specifications of major competitors. Brand Row block Gift packaging Cadbury 50k,70k,100k 180k,220k Berly,s 46k,50k,70k,85k 130k,250k Ferrero 40k,60k 200k,300k,375k Toblerone 50k,100k 200k Table 7.1.1: The analysis of packaging specifications of major competitors Through analyzing two kinds of packaging, traditional row block packaging have some obvious shortcomings, such as incommodiousness, insanitation and so on. While the characterization of independent little piece packaging is that every piece of chocolate have its own packaging. Consumers can tear wrapping paper to eat out every piece. This kind of packaging is conveniently used and health for consumers. And the production volume of independent little piece packaging can conveniently be adjusted according to market needs or they can be split into bulk packaging. So Camille Bloch should launch independent little piece packaging of MOUSSES in Singapore market in order to obtain more competitive advantage. 7.2. Price strategy The level of market share in enterprises, speed of market acceptance for new products, the image of enterprises and their products in the market have close relationship with price strategy. Under the fierce competitive environment of chocolate industry, we need to make combination with three kinds of pricing strategies. The lower limit of this price is marginal cost while the upper limit of this price is demand price. Apart from it, company also needs to refer the competitive situation of Singapore market in order to make the reasonable price. Camille Bloch should adopt invasive pricing strategy. When MOUSSES products entered into Singapore market, the pricing for this product is lower than joint ventures and wholly-owned international competitors. Through this pricing strategy, company hopes Singapore customers to know that MOUSSES chocolate is cheap but good Switzerland imported chocolate. Then the position of MOUSSES chocolate will become clear through pricing and brand image like imported products, reasonable price can be clearly established. Through analyzing the retail price of main competitive brands, we obtain the proportion of price competition from main competition brands and have developed suggested retail price of MOUSSES Number Brand Retail price (the smallest unit) 1 Cadbury SGD $1.55 per piece (50k) 2 Berly,s SGD $3.15 per piece (46k) 3 Ferrero SGD $2.7 per piece (40k) 4 Toblerone SGD $2per piece (50k) 5 MOUSSES SGD $2.8 per bag (45k) Table 7.2.1: The analysis of chocolate retail price Notes: the pricing of retail prices will decrease 5%-10% than competitors, which can give customers adequate impulsion of visual, psychological and the value. But the range of price is not greater than 10% of international competitors. Its final price is lower than Berlys chocolate, about 6%. If invasive pricing appears profits loss, company can compensate this through the scale sales. Once this product get a foothold in Singapore market, its retail price will call-back. 7.3. Place strategy 7.3.1. The choice of channels Singapore is a relatively niche market which have only one city. So the choice of distribution channel doesnt consider the differentiation between cities. Camille Bloch firstly cooperates with supermarkets to directly provide this product into Singapore market. At the same time, Camille Bloch should establish good cooperation with Fairprice, Cold Storage Group, Sheng Siong, Carrefour and Giant supermarkets. Moreover, this brand finally spread all over selling point of this country in the right of national network of supermarkets. For example, hypermarkets, convenience stores, provisions/grocery shops and kiosk-type shops or stalls located in shopping centre, entertainment complexes, tourist locations and airport shops. 7.3.2. The choice of distributors For MOUSSES, employing dealers to distribute is an economic and effective way. Dealers send MOUSSES of Camille Bloch to customers, the speed of pass and service quality directly affect the sale of product and market image. So company will select local distributor possessed high reputation and abundant experience, such as Hong Yi Hao Trading Pte Ltd, Kaimay Trading Pte Ltd, Sing Long Foodstuff Trading Company Pte Ltd. 7.4. Promotion strategy The promotion mix for extending MOUSSES as follow: 7.4.1. Sales promotion Promotion persons will send free sample in large person flow and high-end commercial network. The main target customer is 13-29 years old persons. Sales persons strive for letting target consumers taste. Using novel taste and good quality attract customers to buy MOUSSES chocolate. 7.4.2. Retail terminal inputs POP This part contains some means such as posters, flags, special shelves, organizing professional tallymen to tally. They unified the standard of display in the store and make use of neat, orderly and beautiful display to cause the impulsion of customers, inspiring purchasing desire. 7.4.3. Advertising During the period of Singaporean important festival, company should input some advertisement through TV media and make outdoor advertisement putting up air-conditioned vehicle to establish the brand image, cultivating target consumer group loyalty and attracting new customers. 8. Conclusion Through the analysis of external environment and competitors, Camille Bloch will make market segmentation according to the demographic of Singapore and decide to choose 13-29 years old customers as target market. This company will choose direct exporting to let Singaporean distributors put new products in this market. Market development strategy as market expansion strategy will be used for MOUSSES. Apart from that, marketing mix strategy also will be designed to successfully put this new product into Singapore market. Company hopes that this product can be extended as soon as possible.

Faust And Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Goethe in Faust and Shelley in Frankenstein, wrap their stories around two men whose mental and physical actions parallel one another. Both stories deal with characters, who strive to be the à ¼bermensch in their world. In Faust, the striving fellow, Faust, seeks physical and mental wholeness in knowledge and disaster in lust. In Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein struggles for control over one aspect of nature and disastrously, through the monster, nature controls him to a much greater degree. Many powers are much too mighty for mortal souls, a lesson that Frankenstein and Faust learn by the end of their tales. While voluntarily excommunicating themselves from society, both characters accomplish a portion of their goal and yet they remain unhappy because they never control the "perfect" life they have built for themselves. In Faust, the intelligent gentleman Faust, seeks spiritual wholeness in knowledge. Through years of hard study, Faust becomes knowledgeable in math, sciences and religion and yet he becomes inept and incapable of having any romantic or physical relationships with the outside world. As Faust strives to become the "over man" through knowledge, he realizes that books will not satisfy his curiosity and that maybe sensual pleasures will. Therefore, in the process of creating his new life, Faust, becomes distant and unconcerned with all reality and humanity around him. Do not fancy anything right, do not fancy that I could teach or assert what would better mankind or what might convert. I also have neither money nor treasures, nor worldly honors or earthly pleasures; no dog would want to live this way!(p. 95) Obviously, Faust has fallen into a inhumane state of living, through the pursuit of the unattainable. He becomes greedy, desperate and feels justified in whatever it takes to achieve a position of the over man. At that time, Christians and society in general considered his pursuit for lust immoral, unjust and irresponsible. When Faust sets his sights on an object, whether knowledge or women, he demands nothing less of himself than that which will get it. In many situations dedication to an act is reputable; education, sports, career. It seems then, that to become the à ¼bermensch and pursue excellence, one must stay dedicated to one's goal and dismiss the world around him. In the process of creating his monster, Victor Frankenstein ignores the outside world; The summer months passed while I was thus engaged, heart and soul, in one pursuit.

Interpersonal and written communication techniques Essay

Lip-reading: One skill that I have not fully develop to make me more employable in the I.T industry is the lip reading technique. Lip reading is the movement of lips and tongue; body language and facial expressions add to this technique, as it helps you to lip read better. With this technique I learnt that you have to look at the way a person stresses their speech, the rhythm and phrasing when trying to lip read. A good thing that I find about lip reading is that it provides a method of communication for deafened people. However, I found it quite difficult to lip read, because you have to pay full attention and look at lip shape and movement at all times, preventing me from concentrating. This technique is useful because it is a means of communication for the severely or totally deafened people. I also found this technique difficult to use because not all words are easy to read, some people mumble or even covered their hands when they were talking. This prevented me to lip read exactly what they say. I can further improve on this technique, by practising it over and over again, as it takes time and patience. Through this I will also be improving my confidence and strengthening my communication ability. Body language: I have developed my method of body language to make myself more employable to the i.t industry. Body language is the non-verbal signals as a method of communication through stance, gestures, facial expression etc. It also builds better relationships at home or at school. Some people may find it difficult to use body language in order to communicate, because they might find it hard to understand their gestures or facial expressions to convey what they are trying to say. This technique is useful and important in order to send the right message and to be able to read the signals the other person is sending back. Spoken communication is essential, as well as body language and facial expressions. By giving of natural body language, you are  showing that you are paying complete attention to what the employer is saying. Barriers to communication: I have develop the skill of barriers to communications. I developed this by making sure that I did not make the audience bored with my presentation. I did this by projecting my voice, so that it was loud and clear for the audience to hear and understand. Also, I made sure that my mobile phone was switched off, to avoid any distractions whilst presenting my presentation. This is a good skill to have because when communicating because when in a Conversation you are showing that you are paying full attention to everything they are saying. Positive language: I have developed the skill of using positive gesture. For example, having a smile on my face can make the other person feel more comfortable with what they are trying to say. I have also been using a genuine, formal tone of voice when addressing my peers, which makes me come across as someone with a positive attitude. I used ‘nodding’ as a form of positive language when someone was talking or explaining something to me. This shows that I am in agreement with what they are trying to say. In some conversations I may have summarised what they said to show that I have been listening to what they have said. Negative language: I have developed the skill to avoid using negative language with the improvement in my positive language. The use of negative language when communication with another person can make them feel really uncomfortable, this may also make them not want to talk to you. I stopped using negative facial expressions, to make myself come across more positively than negatively. I respond to people even if I have no interest in what they are saying. Types of questions: This is one of the skills that I have not improved on. I don’t tend to ask open questions when in a conversation. When I am not interested in a conversation I tend to either say ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to questions. This stops the conversation from flowing and shows my lack of interest. This technique can be improved/developed by avoiding the use of closed questions, because it  may show that you don’t want to be a part of that particular conversation and want it to end by giving dull replies. Speed of response: The speed of response technique depends on what the question or conversation is about. There may be some questions that I might be asked that require time to think to be able to give a clear respond to what they have asked. However, in some particular conversations my speed of response is quite fast, because I am aware of what to say. So, my speed of response depends completely on what the conversation or questions are about. Written communication skills: Capitalisation: A skills that I have improved in written communication is capitalisation. I have improved on this skill by always ensuring that I always use capital letters when writing a letter or important emails as it is essential and makes the letter or email look more professional. Capital letters are use at the start of sentences, names and country names. They are also used abbreviations for UK, USA etc. The idea of capitalisation is to make sure your sentences are clear. They can also be used for emphasis, you could capitalise words within your work and in order to emphasise your opinion. It may be difficult to read over your work to check that you have added capital letters if you are in a rush. Structure: One of the skills that I have not developed in written communication is structure, because I find it time consuming to structure a piece of writing. However, it is important to structure your piece of writing so that it makes sense. You will be able to order your writing in order of importance. Ordering your writing is important, because the reader may not understand your writing. I can further improve on this skills by making sure that I order and structure my work neatly as I go along, instead of leaving to the end, which makes it more time consuming. If I don’t do this then I am making it more difficult for myself trying to figure out what I have written. Smileys: I have improved on this skills, because I am able to use smileys and  emotions, which makes the conversation flow more effectively. However they are only used informally and not it letters. They can change the mood of you’re writing to show what mood you are in. It is also easier to get messages across to the other person. It is easier to show excitement or sarcasm with the use of emotions. They can also be used for advertisements, which can make the poster look more interesting and can easily grab the reader’s attention. However, they are not to be used in letters or in important emails, as it might give a bad impression of you, and you may not be taken seriously. Therefore, it is important to improve on this technique, as you should be aware of when you should or should not use these informal methods of communicating. Proof reading/spelling/grammar: I have not improved on the technique of proof reading my spelling and grammar after writing a letter or email. I think it would be important to improve on this technique as my letter would look more professional. Sending a letter or email that has poor spelling and poor use of grammar, shows your lack of interest and you will not be taken seriously. I can further improve on this technique by taking time out to proof read my work before sending it out. Proof reading my work can make a huge difference, because I will be taken more seriously if my letter is written in a more professional manner. Alternative viewpoints: I have not improved on the technique of giving or taking on board alternative viewpoints. I think it is a good idea to maybe take on board alternative viewpoints given to me by other people, so that I try more than one way of dong certain tasks. I think I can improve on this technique by giving other people my alternative viewpoints. In this way it shows that I have been listening to what the other person has been saying. By taking on board other the viewpoints of other people will help me to improve on my work. However, it may be difficult to grasp, because I rarely ever take on alternative viewpoints. Note taking: I have improved on the technique of note taking since September. I have improved on this skill, as I had started to take notes of important topics discussed during class discussions. Also I have started to highlight the key  facts on the hand-outs that were given to me. So that I focus mainly on the key points. This made it easier for me when it came to revision, because I knew exactly what I had to revise on for the exam. I also annotated the points on the hand outs, so that I am aware of what it means when I come to revise on that topic, as I am able to clearly understand it with extra detail. Guidelines: I have improved on the technique of using guidelines when doing my work. In September when starting my ict btec course, I downloaded the assignment brief for each unit. I always had the assignment brief out whenever I did a task, to help me understand what I have got to do to achieve the task clearly with step to step instructions given of everything I need to add in order to pass the task. Having improved on this technique was useful, because it gave me extra information of what the course is about, the deadlines for each task etc. Using the assignment brief made me more independent as I didn’t need to constantly ask my teacher for help.

The History Of Concrete In The Building Industry Construction Essay

Throughout history, the usage of concrete as a edifice stuff has contributed significantly to the built environment. Digesting illustrations of assorted signifiers of concrete can be found as far back as the early Egyptian civilization. Significant edifice leftovers still exist from the Roman civilisation, which used concretes made from of course happening volcanic ash pozzolans, assorted with H2O, sand and rock. Now concrete is being used in the building of lasting Bridgess, roads, H2O supply, infirmaries, churches, houses and commercial edifices, to give people a societal foundation, a booming economic system, and serviceable installations for many old ages. In the modern epoch, the belongingss of concrete were refined in the late 1800s, with the debut of a patented fabrication procedure for Portland cement. While it has ancient roots, concrete, as we know it today, is a modern and extremely advanced constructing stuff. In the last 150 old ages, concrete has become one of the most widely used edifice stuffs on Earth. Figure. Tranditional tools used for concrete commixture.Problem StatementConcrete is one of the most widely used building stuffs in the universe. However, the production of Portland cement, an indispensable stuff in concrete, leads to the release of important sum of CO2, a nursery gas. One ton of Portland cement cinder production is said to creates about one ton of CO2 and other nursery gases. Environmental issues are playing an of import function in the sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry. For illustration, if we run out of limestone, as it is predicted to go on in some topographic points, so we can non bring forth Portland cement ; and, hence, we can non bring forth concrete and all the employment associated with the concrete industry goes out-of-business. A sustainable concrete construction is one that is constructed so that the entire environmental impact during its full life rhythm is minimum. Concrete is a sustainable stuff because it has a really low built-in energy demand and is produced to order as needed with really small waste. It is made from some of the most plentiful resources on Earth and has a really high thermic mass. It can be made with recycled stuffs and is wholly reclaimable. Sustainable design and building of constructions have a little impact on the environment. Use of â€Å" green † stuffs embodies low energy costs. Their usage must hold high lastingness and low care taking to sustainable building stuffs. High public presentation cements and concrete can cut down the sum of cementitious stuffs and entire volume of concrete required. Concrete must maintain germinating to fulfill the increasing demands of all its users. Reuse of post-consumer wastes and industrial by-products in concrete is necessary to bring forth even â€Å" greener † concrete. â€Å" Greener † concrete besides improves air quality, minimizes solid wastes, and leads to sustainable cement and concrete industry.What is Sustainable Concrete?Concrete is a really environmentally friendly stuff. Concrete has been used for over 2,000 old ages. Concrete is best known for its durable and rel iable nature. However, extra ways that concrete contributes to societal advancement, economic growing, and environmental protection are frequently overlooked. Concrete constructions are superior in energy public presentation. They provide flexibleness in design every bit good as affordability, and are environmentally more responsible than steel or aluminium constructions. Entire geographical parts are running out of limestone resource to bring forth cement. Major metropolitan countries are running out of beginnings of sums for doing concrete. Sustainability requires that applied scientists consider a edifice ‘s â€Å" lifecycle † cost extended over the utile life-time. This includes the edifice building, care, destruction, and recycling [ ACI 2004 ] . A sustainable concrete construction is one that is constructed so that the entire social impact during its full life rhythm, including during its usage, is minimum. Planing for sustainability means accounting in the design and besides the short-run and long-run effects of the social impact. Therefore, lastingness is the cardinal issue. New coevals of admixtures/additives are needed to better lastingness. To construct in a sustainable mode and behavior scheduled & amp ; appropriate edifice care are the keys that represent the â€Å" new building political orientation † of this coevals. In peculiar, to construct in a sustainable mode means to concentrate attending on physical, environmental, and technological resources, jobs related to human wellness, energy preservation of new and existing edifices, and control of building engineerings and methods.Environmental Issues with ConcreteThe production of Portland cement releases CO2 and other nursery gases ( GHGs ) into the ambiance. Entire CO2 emanations worldwide were 21 billion dozenss in 2002, Table 1. Table. CO2 emanations by industrialised states in 2002 [ Malhorta 2004 ] . State Percentage CO2 Emissions USA 25 Europe 20 Soviet union 17 Japan 8 China & gt ; 15 India & gt ; 10 Environmental issues associated with the CO2 emanations from the production of Portland cement, energy demand ( six-million BTU of energy needed per ton of cement production ) , resource preservation consideration, and economic impact due to the high cost of Portland cement fabrication workss demand that auxiliary cementing stuffs in general and fly ash in peculiar be used in increasing measures to replace Portland cement in concrete [ Malhotra 1997, 2004 ] . Fly ash is a byproduct of the burning of powdered coal in thermic power workss. The dust aggregation system removes the fly ash, as a all right particulate residue from the burning gases before they are discharged in the ambiance. For each ton of Portland cement cinder, 3 to 20 pound. of NOx are released into the ambiance. In 2000, the world-wide cement cinder production was about 1.6 billion dozenss [ Malhotra 2004 ] . Longer enduring concrete constructions cut down energy demands for care and Reconstruction. Concrete is a loca lly available stuff ; hence, transit cost to the undertaking site is reduced. Light colored concrete walls cut down interior lighting demands. Permeable concrete paving and meshing concrete pavers can be used to cut down overflow and let H2O to return to the H2O tabular array. Therefore, concrete is, in many ways, environmentally friendly stuff. As good applied scientists, we must utilize more of it [ Malhotra 2004 ] . In position of the energy and nursery gas emanation concerns in the fabrication of Portland cement, it is imperative that either new environmentally friendly cement-manufacturing engineerings be developed or utility stuffs be found to replace a major portion of the Portland cement for usage in the concrete industry [ Malhotra 2004 ] . Energy ingestion is the biggest environmental concern with cement and concrete production. Cement production is one of the most energy intensifier of all industrial fabrication procedures. Including direct fuel usage for excavation and transporting natural stuffs, cement production takes about six million BTU ‘s for every ton of cement. The industry ‘s heavy trust on coal leads to particularly high emanation degrees of CO2, azotic oxide, and sulfurs, among other pollutants. A ample part of the electricity used is besides generated from coal.What types of stuffs are being used to do sustainable concrete?Coal burning merchandises ( CCPs ) It is of import to develop recycling engineering for high-volume applications of coal burning merchandises ( CCPs ) generated by utilizing both conventional and clean-coal engineerings. Many different types of CCPs are produced ; for illustration, wing ash, bottom ash, cyclone-boiler scoria, and clean coal ash. In general some of these CCPs can be used as a auxiliary cementitious stuffs and the usage of Portland cement, hence, can be reduced. The production of CCPs in USA is about 120 million dozenss per twelvemonth in 2004. Cyclone-boiler scoria is 100 % recycled. Overall recycling rate of all CCPs is approximately 40 % . Figure. Fly ash is a by-product of coal firing power workss. Today ‘s usage of other pozzolans, such as rice-husk ash, wood ash, GGBFS, silicon oxide smoke, and other similar pozzolanic stuffs such as volcanic ash, natural pozzolans, diatomaceous earth ( diatomaceous Earth ) , calcined clay/shale, metakaolin, really all right clean-coal ash ( microash ) , limestone pulverization, and all right glass can cut down the usage of manufactured Portland cement, and do concrete more lasting, every bit good as cut down GHG emanations. Chemical composing of ASTM Type I portland cement and selected pozzolans is given in Table 2. Table. Chemical compostion of CCPs. Oxides % Portland Cement St. Helen ‘s ash VPP Class F ash Columbia Unit # 1 fly ash P-4 Class C ash SiO2 20.1 62.2 48.2 44.8 32.9 Al2O3 4.4 17.6 26.3 22.8 19.4 CaO 57.5 5.7 2.7 17.0 28.9 MgO 1.6 2.2 1.1 5.1 4.8 Fe2O3 2.4 5.6 10.6 4.2 5.4 TiO2 0.3 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.6 K2O 0.7 1.2 2.3 0.4 0.3 Na2O 0.2 4.6 1.1 0.3 2.0 Moisture 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.8 LOI 1.1 0.6 7.9 0.3 0.7 Recycled- Aggregate Concrete Recycled-aggregate concrete ( RAC ) for structural usage can be prepared by wholly replacing natural sum, in order to accomplish the same strength category as the mention concrete, manufactured by utilizing merely natural sums. This is evidently a defeat, since a big watercourse of recycled sums to let for full permutation of natural sums is non available. However, it is utile to turn out that to fabricate structural concrete by partially replacing natural with recycled sums by up to fifty per centum is so executable. In any instance, if the acceptance of a really low H2O to cement ratio implies unsustainably high sums of cement in the concrete mixture, recycled-aggregate concrete may besides be manufactured by utilizing a water-reducing alloy in order to take down both H2O and cement dose, or even by adding fly ash as a partial all right sum replacing and by utilizing a ace plasticiser to accomplish the needed workability. High-volume fly ash recycled aggregative concrete ( HVFA-RAC ) can be manufactured with a H2O to cement ratio of 0.60, by at the same time adding to the mixture as much fly ash as cement, and replacing the all right sum fraction. Therefore, H2O to cementitious stuff ratio of 0.30 is obtained enabling the concrete to make the needed strength category ( Table 3 ) . This process is indispensable for planing an environmentally-friendly concrete. All the concretes can be prepared keeping the same fluid consistence by proper add-on of an appropriate category of a ace plasticiser. Table. Comparison of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and Virgin Aggregate.PropertyVirgin AggregateRACShape and Texture Well rounded, smooth ( crushed rocks ) to angular and unsmooth ( crushed stone ) . Angular with unsmooth surface. Absorption Capacity 0.8 – 3.7 per centum 3.7 – 8.7 per centum Specific Gravity 2.4 – 2.9 2.1 – 2.4 L. A. Abrasion Test Mass Loss 15 – 30 per centum 20 – 45 per centum Sodium Sulfate Soundness Test Mass Loss 7 – 21 per centum 18 – 59 per centum Magnesium Sulfate Soundness Mass Loss 4 – 7 per centum 1 – 9 per centum Chloride Content 0 – 1.2 kg/m3 0.6 – 7.1 kg/m3 SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE SOLUTIONS Concrete is a strong, lasting, low environmental impact, constructing stuff. It is the basis for edifice building and substructure that can set future coevalss on the route towards a sustainable hereafter [ Cement Association of Canada 2004 ] . Benefits of concrete building are many, for illustration [ Cement Association of Canada 2004 ] : concrete edifices – cut down care and energy usage ; concrete main roads – cut down fuel consumed by to a great extent loaded trucks ; insulating concrete places – cut down energy use by 40 % or more ; fly ash, cement kiln dust, or cement-based solidification/stabilization and unmoved intervention of waste for brownfield renovation ; and, agribusiness waste containment – reduces odor and prevents groundwater taint. The concrete industry must demo leading and decide, and do part to the sustainable development of the industry in the 21 century by following new engineerings to cut down emanation of the greenhousegases, and therefore lend towards run intoing the ends and aims set at the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The fabrication of Portland cement is one such industry [ Malhotra 2004 ] . 6 PORTLAND CEMENT Portland cement is non environmentally really friendly stuff. As good applied scientists, we must cut down its usage in concrete [ Malhotra 2004 ] ; and, we must utilize more blended cements, particularly with chemical alloies. Clinker production is the most energy-intensive phase in cement production, accounting for over 90 % of entire energy usage, and virtually all of the fuel usage. Processing of natural stuffs in big kilns produces portland cement cinder. These kiln systems evaporate the built-in H2O in the natural stuffs blended to fabricate the cinder, calcine the carbonate components ( calcinations ) , and organize cement minerals ( clinkerization ) [ Worrell & A ; Galtisky 2004 ] . 6.1 Blended cements The production of blended cements involves the intergrinding of cinder with one or more additives ; e.g. , fly ash, bnb granulated blast furnace scoria, silicon oxide smoke, volcanic ash, in assorted proportions. The usage of blended cements is a peculiarly attractive efficiency option since the intergrinding of cinder with other additives non merely allows for a decrease in the energy used ( and reduced GHG emanations ) in cinder production, but besides straight corresponds to a decrease in C dioxide emanations in calcinations every bit good. Blended cement has been used for many decennaries around the universe [ Worrell & A ; Galtisky 2004 ] . 6.2 Concrete and the usage of blended cements Although it is most common to do usage of auxiliary cementing stuffs ( SCM ) in the replacing of cement in the concrete mixture, blended cement is produced at the crunching phase of cement production where fly ash, blast furnace scoria, or silicon oxide smokes are added to the cement itself. The advantages include expanded production capacity, reduced CO2 emanations, reduced fuel ingestion and close monitoring of the quality of SCMs [ Cement Association of Canada 2004 ] . â€Å" Kyoto Protocol ( UN Pact of 1997, requires to cut down GHGs, including CO2 ) . † It is now ratified. USA has non ratified it. â€Å" The Russian Government blessing allowed it to come into force worldwide. † By 2012, emanations must be cut below 1990 degrees ( in Japan by 6.0 + 7.6 = 13.6 % by 2012 ) [ The Daily Yomiuri 2004 ] . In Japan â€Å" ( Per ) householdaˆÂ ¦5,000 hankering green revenue enhancement † per twelvemonth is planned ( get downing April 2005 ) . This includes †Å" 3,600 hankerings in revenue enhancement per ton of C. † â€Å" The gross would be used to implement policies to accomplish the demands of Kyoto Protocol. † A study released ( on Oct. 21, 2004 ) showed that 61 % of those polled are in favour of the environmental revenue enhancement. † [ The Japan Times 2004 ] . Rate of CO2 emanation and planetary heating is shown in Figure 1. In last 2 year. CO2 has increased at a higher rate than expected [ Corinaldesi & A ; Moriconi 2004b ] . 6.3 Foundry byproducts Foundry byproducts include foundry sand, nucleus butts, abradants, and cupola scoria. Cores are used in doing coveted cavity/shapes in a sand cast in which liquefied metal is cast/poured. Cores are chiefly composed of silicon oxide sand with little per centums of either organic or inorganic binders.DecisionsThe most of import decision drawn appears to be that the compressive strength of the recycled aggregative concrete can be improved to be or even exceed that of natural-aggregate concrete by adding fly ash to the mixture as a all right aggregative replacing. In this manner, a given strength category value, as required for a broad scope of common utilizations, can be reached through both natural-aggregate concrete and recycled-aggregate concrete with fly ash, by adequately diminishing the H2O to cement ratio with the assistance of a superplasticizer in order to keep the workability. Concrete manufactured by utilizing recycled sum and wing ash shows no hurtful consequence on the lastingness of strengthened concrete, with some betterment for some instances. From an economical point of position, if merely the traditional costs are taken into history, recycledaggregate concrete with fly ash could be less attractive than natural-aggregate concrete. However, if the eco-balanced costs are considered, the exact antonym would be valid. Furthermore, the all right fraction with atom size up to 5 millimeters, when reused as sum for howitzers, allowed first-class bond strengths between howitzer and bricks, in malice of a lower mechanical public presentation of the howitzer itself. Besides the masonry debris can be productively treated and reused for fixing howitzers. Even for the all right fraction produced during the recycling procedure, that is the concrete-rubble pulverization, an first-class reuse was found, as filler in self-compacting concrete. The effort to better the quality of the recycled sums for new concretes by recycling in different ways the most damaging fractions, i.e. , the stuff coming from masonry debris and the finest recycled stuffs, allowed to accomplish surprising and unexpected public presentations for howitzers and selfcompacting concretes. Other industrial wastes, such as GRP waste pulverization, can turn out utile to be re-used in cementitious merchandises, by bettering some lastingness facets. â€Å" The concrete industry will be called upon to function the two pressing demands of human society ; viz. , protection of the environment and run intoing the infrastructural demand for increasing industrialisation and urbanisation of the universe. Besides due to big size, the concrete industry is unimpeachably the ideal medium for the economic and safe usage of 1000000s of dozenss of industrial by-products such as fly ash and scoria due to their extremely pozzolanic and cementitious belongingss. It is obvious that large-scale cement replacing ( 60 – 70 % ) in concrete with these industrial byproducts will be advantageous from the point of view of cost economic system, energy efficiency, lastingness, and overall ecological profile of concrete. Therefore, in the hereafter, the usage of byproduct auxiliary cementing stuffs ought to be made compulsory † [ Malhotra 2004 ] .

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The Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato Essay Example for Free

The Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato Essay Plato believed in an ‘ideal state,’ the Republic, which is ruled and sustained by an ‘ideal’ group of people whose main objective should be to seek their highest good for the benefit of both the state and the society. â€Å"Only those who know what the good is are fit to rule†(Oxford Companion to Philosophy, 1995).   To know what is good, one has to â€Å"undergo long and rigorous intellectual training that will yield this knowledge† (p. 1541). Plato believed that the function of education is to help people embody their true nature of good because they will become the fuel that will keep the Republic running. Here, higher education is meant to pave the way for the development of the individual because it is crucial to the Republic’s existence. The failure of an individual to reach his highest good, albeit in theory of a secondary importance, would be the failure of the state as a whole.   In Plato’s view, it is the development of the individual, supported by education, which serves as the groundwork of the Republic and ensures that the latter does not collapse.   One can say that it is truly education which holds the state’s future in its hands. The true purpose of Higher Education is best depicted in Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. The Allegory of the Cave represents the different levels of knowledge that man must go through in order to achieve enlightenment.   Men were depicted as cave-dwellers in the depths of nothingness where there is a total absence of knowledge. â€Å"Most mankind dwell in the darkness of the cave. It is the function of education to lead men out of the cave into the world of the shadow† (Tulio, 2005).   Those who are able to escape the confinements of the cave would able Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato to acquire the knowledge that will lead to their evolution and form the ruling elite who will sustain the Republic. According to Kemerling (n.d.): â€Å"The highest goal in all of education, Plato believed, is knowledge of the Good; that is, not merely an awareness of particular benefits and pleasures, but acquaintance with the Form itself. Just as the sun provides illumination by means of which we are able to perceive everything in the visual world, he argued, so the Form of the Good provides the ultimate standard by means of which we can apprehend the reality of everything that has value† (Kemerling, n.d). Plato believed that education is a right given to a few. He saw society as a conglomeration of individuals organized into different classes â€Å"according to the value of their role in providing some component part of the common good† (Kemerling, n.d.). In this set-up, it is the person’s social class which determines whether he should be educated or not. Plato thought that the philosopher-class should have the right to receive education because â€Å"it is the philosopher above all others who excels at investigating serious questions about human life and at judging what is true and best† (n.d.). Dillon (2004 as cited in Plato’s Republic) also added:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦those fit for a guardians education must by nature be philosophic, spirited, swift, and strong.† The guardians must be lovers of learning like noble puppies who determine what is familiar and foreign by knowledge and ignorance† (Dillon, 2004). The problem with this kind of set-up is that only a few are permitted to improve themselves while the rest of the world is forced to fulfill the roles that society has imposed upon them. Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato Kemerling (n.d.) explained the importance of the future role of philosophers: â€Å"Thus, despite prevalent public skepticism about philosophers, it is to them that an ideal society must turn for the wisdom to conduct its affairs properly. But philosophers are made, not born. So we need to examine the program of education by means of which Plato supposed that the future philosopher-kings can acquire the knowledge necessary for their function as decision-makers for the society as a whole† (Kemerling, n.d.) Plato viewed the development of the individual as serving an autocratic social usefulness as far as education is concerned (although most believe that Plato advocated democratic principles in his theory of education). Education for the popular mass was never Plato’s ideology. He advocated educational reforms intended only for the philosopher and the warrior class. â€Å"Plato believed that the interests of the state are best preserved if children are raised and educated by the society as a whole, rather than by their biological parents† (Kemerling, n.d). The true essence of self-actualization, therefore, was just a privilege given to this ruling class because of their access to education.   It did not have any self-serving interests even if self-development was an initial pre-requisite for the success Plato’s ideal state. Education is solely for the purpose of the good of the Republic. Oxford Companion to Philosophy (1995) stated:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"They will govern with a view to maximizing the happiness of the state as a whole, but Plato thinks that the way to achieve this is to impose a strict censorship to prevent wrong ideas being expressed, to ensure that each person sticks to his Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato own allotted job, so that he does not meddle with affairs that are not his concern, and so on. Plato was firmly against democracy, and seems to have seen no connection between happiness and individual liberty† (Oxford Companion to Philosophy, 1995). But as much as education serves a state function, it cannot completely detach itself from its secondary aims of self-development. According to Scolnicov (n.d) in his paper Plato on Education as the Development of Reason, â€Å"the ultimate educational objective, then, is to bring about a revolution in the educands perception of the role of reason† (Scolnicov, n.d).   He continued, â€Å"Platos theory of education aims at specifying the conditions of the growth of the socratic man, whose soul is free from contradictions and whose excellence is justified knowledge† (n.d). For Plato, man’s rationality can be shaped through an educational curriculum that teaches these specific subjects: music, story-telling and gymnastics. Musical education should be started in childhood because it is an age where children are still ‘pliable.’ There should be censorship in the telling of tales because children still do not possess the quality to discern what is good and bad.   It is Plato’s view that children have no moral nature when they are born, but education will instill in them virtues of courage, moderation and justice that will help them seek the nature of good. â€Å"Through the telling of carefully crafted tales, mothers and nurses will shape their childrens souls (Dillon, 2004 as cited in Plato’s Republic). Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato The narrative style of tales is the second part of the ‘philosophical education.’   Imitation or Mimetic poetry is only acceptable if the individual will imitate virtues that were taught to them in childhood. Crafting of tales are important â€Å"because they are the most effective method of educating guardian’ souls† (Dillon, 2004). Here, one can see that rationality does not only pertain to reason (of the mind) but also of the soul. Gymnastic education, on the other hand, affirms the symbiotic relationship between the mind, the body and the soul: all the components that lead to the total development of the individual. For Plato, â€Å"that a good soul produces a good body, and that a healthy intellect ensures a healthy body† (Dillon, 2004 as cited in Plato’s Republic). One component missing will ultimately result in the demise of the other. Dillon   (2004) stated: â€Å"Although music is the most important component in the guardians education, equilibrium between music and gymnastics is important for the production of moral guardians. Because a solely gymnastic education causes savagery and a purely musical education causes softness, the two must be balanced† (Dillon, 2004). The educational requirements of learning music, story-telling and gymnastics would determine who will ultimately become the guardians of society. Those who are able to possess the nature of good throughout the educational process will win over those who â€Å"will rebel against the city’s ideology† (Dillon, 2004). Meaning, Purpose and Function of Higher Education for Plato References Cornford, F. (translator) (1945). The Republic of Plato. London: Oxford University Press. Dillon, A. (2004). Education in Plato’s Republic. Retrieved December 25, 2007 from http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/dillon/education_plato_republic.html Honderich, T (ed.) (1995). Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York: Oxford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University Press. Kemerling, G. (n.d.). Plato: Education and the Value of Justice: Plato Life and Works. Retrieved December, 25, 2007 from http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/2h.htm. Tulio, D. (2005). Historical, Philosophical, Legal and Technological Foundations of Education II. Manila: National Bookstore Publication. Scolnicov, S. (n.d.). Plato on Education as the Development of Reason. Retrieved December 25, 2007 from http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciScol.htm